Themes In Much Ado About Nothing - 1079 Words

Samantha Charleville Suzan Wilson Pre-AP ELA 09 October 2017 Much Ado About Nothing Classics Essay Much Ado About Nothing by William Shakespeare is a classic novel in which love does not happen as it seems, and there are many themes. In a town called Messina, a man named Claudio falls in love with a young woman named Hero. He does not know how to get her to fall back in love with him, so Don Pedro, the Prince of Aragon, makes a deal that he will get her to fall in love with him at a masquerade, but go as Claudio and not himself so that they will get married. Also at this time in the story, a young woman named Beatrice is very hard headed. She believes that she will never fall in love than that she never wants to in the first place. Her†¦show more content†¦Later on in the story, Hero and Claudio are to be married. But before the wedding starts, it is said that Hero has been unfaithful to Claudio. Though this is not true, and her being unfaithful was trick planned by two men named Don John and Borachio, Claudio believes the lie and acc uses her of having affairs with repulsive men. The wedding is now cancelled and Hero stabs herself out of grief of Claudio leaving her, but does not die, and Hero’s father, Leonato, tells everyone she is dead because he is ashamed of her. Leonato even tells his niece Beatrice and her secret love Benedict to let Hero die. I know this because Leonato states, â€Å"O Fate, take not away thy heavy hand! Death is the fairest cover for [Hero’s] shame That may be wished for† (pg. 131). This is Leonato stating that they should just let her die because he is so ashamed of her that she may as well die. Claudio soon finds out that Hero is not actually dead, and now knows that the affairs that were planted on her were just tricks by Don John and Borachio. Now that their love is not being manipulated anymore, they are finally free to just be lovers by themselves. This supports the theme of manipulated love is not real love because once all manipulations stopped, they were le ft with nothing but real love and honesty. Beatrice and Benedick are extremely hard headed and set in the idea that they will never fall inShow MoreRelated Theme of Deception in Much Ado About Nothing Essay example1381 Words   |  6 PagesTheme of Deception in Much Ado About Nothing Each of the main characters in Much Ado About Nothing is the victim of deception, and it is because they are deceived that they act in the ways that they do. Although the central deception is directed against Claudio in an attempt to destroy his relationship with Hero, it is the deceptions involving Beatrice and Benedick which provides the plays dramatic focus. Nearly every character in the play at some point has to make inferences from whatRead MoreThemes of Love In William Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing619 Words   |  3 Pages In William Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing love and how love works is a major theme in the play. When it comes to true love in the book i believe it is incidental or secondary to the main story in the book. My reasoning behind this idea is because none of the characters are searching for love, it is not their main priority but rather happens in result of another, bigger situation or conflict and that how true love or falling in love works in real life it just happens. In this story, it isRead MoreThe Themes of Appearance versus True Love in William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing541 Words   |  3 PagesThe Themes of Appearance versus True Love in William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing True love is a bond shared by few and dreamed of by everyone. The appearance of a relationship may not accurately depict the true reality of the situation. The bond between Claudio and Hero appears far stronger than that of Beatrice and Benedict, yet events of the play provide evidence for the converse. In Shakespeares comedy Much Ado About Nothing, the masked emotions of two couples are evoked throughRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing1225 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing, a comedy filled with differences between genders, witty banter between memorable characters Benedick and Beatrice, a plot of revenge that involves one character faking her death and let’s not forget the masquerade marriage that comes to readers at the end. Much Ado About Nothing, court politics while still maintain a profound amount of humor and wit. However, it is the honor and shame that is prominent in Much Ado About Nothing that we reach the turningRead MoreMuch Ado About Nothing by William Shakespeare Essay559 Words   |  3 PagesMuch Ado About Nothing by William Shakespeare The play has comedy, romance, suspense, action and a lot of drama twisted into several hundred lines of verse. In the end, however, everyone is happy and not a lot changes. Thus, Shakespeare shows the reader that although the play is enjoyable and witty, it really is not a very important piece of literature because of its subject matter. The play is important because it shows us that life itself is similarly enjoyable andRead MoreKenneth Branaghs Much Ado About Nothing Essay1588 Words   |  7 PagesThe scene opens in the beautiful hills of Tuscany, Italy. Lying about on the slopes of grass are the humble townsfolk basking in the sunshine as a soft voice introduces; â€Å"Sigh no more ladies, sigh no more.† This dreamlike setting is the opening scene of the major motion picture Much Ado About Nothing as envisioned by film director Kenneth Branagh. A far cry from its Shakespearean origins, Branagh’s Much Ado has a look and feel all of its own. This film seeks to capture its audience with visual majestyRead MoreGoing Deep into Drama Essay example872 Words   |  4 PagesMentioning about drama, William Shakespeare is the father of it. He is famous for Elizabeth drama; many criticizers complement on his plays. In The Architecture of Drama : Plot, Character, Theme, Genre, and Style, the authors explain what is drama, he. In order to understand more what drama is, Much ado about Nothing, which was written by Shakespeare, is a good sample. As how a drama is supposed to be, the play contends morality and entertainment. Just like many typical dramas, Much Ado about Nothing teachesRead MoreShakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing1199 Words   |  5 Pagesportrayed a story. Tragedies, Much Ado About Nothing is a comedy, which uplifts spirits as it circles the lives of Hero, Claudio, Beatrice, Don John, and Benedick. Love, trickery, and deception are motifs used to develop a theme relatable to years later. Using love as a basis tricks are placed everywhere in the Italian town of Messina to spark the interest of two or to ruin the love. In Much ado About Nothing, William Shakespeare’s explores the motif of deception, and how nothing is as it seems, connectedRead MoreShakespeares Greatness: Much Ado About Nothing, and King Lear1425 Words   |  6 Pagesin the art of storytelling and even the expression of research or related material. When an author is able to seize the attention of any partaking of their work, curiosity will develop which will lead to the wonder of what the conclusion my bring abo ut. Not only is it important to snatch the audience’s attention in the beginning, it is necessary to hold it prisoner throughout the tale. Authors do this by having an interesting plot development in which many unexpected details come into play and theRead More Much Ado About Nothing Essay898 Words   |  4 Pages William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing is a play involving by deception, disloyalty, trickery, eavesdropping, and hearsay. The play contains numerous examples of schemes that are used to manipulate the thoughts of other characters; it is the major theme that resonates throughout the play. Ironically, it is one of these themes that bring serenity to the chaos that encompasses most of the play. amp;#9;The first example of deception we see is with the characters of Beatrice and Benedick.

Morality, We Should Be Impartial Essay - 1474 Words

It’s natural to think that when it comes to morality, we should be impartial. And yet almost everyone thinks it is appropriate to treat certain people, like those who are near and dear to them, in a special sort of way. For example, while having food and clothing is clearly a good, it seems that I have a special obligation to my own children over the children of strangers to make sure that they have food and clothing. So we have two moral claims: Impartiality: When it comes to morality, we should be impartial. Partiality: It is appropriate to treat certain people in a special sort of way. There seems to be some tension between these two thoughts. To avoid it, we must either (1) reject the claim that we must be impartial, or (2) reject the claim that it is OK to be partial to certain people, or (3) come to understand impartiality in a different way. Why We Should Be Impartial Why think that we must be impartial and treat everybody alike? First, there is something intuitively appealing about the thought that morality requires us to be â€Å"as strictly impartial as a disinterested and benevolent spectator.†1 One might even say that the moral point of view just is the impartial point of view. After all, isn’t the point of ethics to step back and try to discover moral principles that apply to everyone? To say that someone acted impartially is often meant to imply that she acted rightly. Another reason to think we must be impartial is that it is arbitrary to act otherwise.2 AskShow MoreRelatedLegal Positivism Over Natural Law Theory982 Words   |  4 Pagesa smaller scale, the strictly legal conception is more appealing because it is broader,† (478). Spaak is arguing, his belief that â€Å"validity-based explanations come nearer to the truth,†(483) rather than belief-based explanations. He concludes that we are to prefer legal positivism over natural law theory. â€Å"That is why in this article I have been concerned with the law itself rather than our views about it.†(483) Spaak actually states that his focus has been exclusively on the law rather than people’sRead MoreMill’S Two Proofs For The Ultimate Norm Of Morality . In907 Words   |  4 PagesMill’s two proofs for the ultimate norm of morality In his argument about the ultimate norm of morality, Mill claims that the utilitarian must claim that happiness happens to be the one and only thing that is desirable in itself. He also claims that the only proof of desirability is desire and goes ahead to give an argument that happiness happens to be the one and only thing that should be desired (Selling, 2016). Most importantly, Mill argues that an individual does desire his own happiness forRead MoreThe Long Standing Debate On Ethics1253 Words   |  6 Pagesaction is good or bad. John Stuart Mill focuses on a utilitarian perspective and utilizes the idea of consequentialism and on the other hand, Immanuel Kant avoids the consequentialist argument and supports a deontological perspective in analyzing morality and ethics. Both arguments, valid as they may be, strongly contradict one another, mostly on the basis that Kant and Mill look at very different parts of the equation. Both thinkers appeal to a sense of rationality in their reasoning to differentiateRead MoreThe Element Of Moral Philosophy By James Rachels1161 Words   |  5 Pagesbe salvaged in the face of most criticisms. In substance, the nature of Utilitarianism is derived of consequence. Utilitarianism proposes that the outcome of an act should suggest whether or not said act is morally correct. Many philosophers disagree, and believe that the consequence of an act does little to implicate morality. For example, there are numerous crimes committed daily. Some of these crimes remain undiscovered and therefore result in zero negative consequence. The text specificallyRead MoreA Critique of the Categorical Imperative1689 Words   |  7 Pagesfocused on how the morality of an action was not dependant on its consequences or the intentions of its undertaker, rather solely on the intrinsic moral worth of the action itself. This concept has been challenged since its birth and been often regarded as a rather impractical and often contradicting facet of moral philosophy. Although the previous allegation is true, the ideas behind the categorical imperative give a significant and much needed challenge our mo dern day notions of morality. The KantianRead MoreEthical Egoism1656 Words   |  7 Pagesaccordance with morality. In the strong version, it is held that it is always moral to promote ones own good, and it is never moral not to promote it. In the weak version, it is said that although it is always moral to promote ones own good, it is not necessarily never moral to not. That is, there may be conditions in which the avoidance of personal interest may be a moral action. In an imaginary construction of a world inhabited by a single being, it is possible that the pursuit of morality is theRead MoreTo Ought or Not to Ought†¦ That is the Question Humanity rises from the predominant catalyst of1200 Words   |  5 PagesThat is the Question Humanity rises from the predominant catalyst of social mores that align with society’s norms. Morality, although a proverbial construct we familiarize with, fails to be defined universally. As with any ethical issue, the distinction between â€Å"good† or â€Å"bad† has been debated amongst philosophers, theologians, and even within internal consciences. Common-sense morality lacks empiricism compared to science, yet its implications hold equal weight, for a well-defined moral constructRead MoreThe Death Of An Oncoming Train Essay1145 Words   |  5 Pagesphilosophical thought experiment focused on ethics, morality and the relative ethics of choice. When faced with this moral dilemma, many people often struggle to answer when faced with that reality. In reality, it’s hard to blame them. What option could be considered moral? In a situation like that, what option could be considered morally better than the other? The vast majority of people when asked the question eventually answer that we should try to save as many people as possible. In that caseRead MoreUtilitarianism And Utilitarianism887 Words   |  4 PagesUtilitarianism proposes that the morality of an action is dependent on the consequences. Furthermore, the effects of one’s actions that are considered in this case are not the neutral ones but those that yield positivity or negativity. Proponents of utilitarianism believe that the main aim of having morality in our society is to increase the amount of good things that people do. These good things have to generate some form of pleasure or happiness. At the same time, morality has been put in place to reduceRead MoreThe Basic Principles Of Morality889 Words   |  4 Pages Morality in philosophy pursues to obtain a standardized understanding of the nature and what it expects from us. Philosopher, Socrates defines morality â€Å"how we ought to live† and the motives behind these systematic understandings(Rachels 1). The two basic principles of morality are impartiality and reason. Moral judgments must be supported by legitimate reasons and requires the impartial thought of each individual’s interest. Reason and impartially form the minimum conception of morality. Each

Strategic Quality Planning Free Essays

123 Strategic Quality Planning Quality is strategic. This may seem somewhat obvious, but the actions of Companies implementing quality measures oftenobscure this fact. This is especially true when a comNpany is in a reactive mode and does notjise effective planning. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Quality Planning or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this chapter we discuss iinportant aspeets of strategic quality planning. Strategic planning has two important dimensions: content and pro ess. Strategy content answers the question of what is to be contained in the strategic plan. Mw consists of the steps used to develop the strategy. In this chapter we first discuss content and then process. Finally, we look at quality results and whether quality has been shown to yield bottornlme results along the supply chain. STRATEGY CONTENT Why is quality planning important? As we have discussed in previous chapters, quality improveY ment is a planned managerial activity. As shown in this Chapter, quality improvement involves identifying potential improvements, prioritizing potential areas for improvement, and planning the implementation of projects and improvements. What are the content variables that should be included in strategic quality planning? Among the variables we discuss are time, leadership, quality costs, generic strategies (cost, differentiation, and focus), order Winners, and quality as a core Competency. These content variables outline key considerations when developing a strategic plan. These considerations are either explicitly or implicitly addressed in the strategic planning processes discussed later in the chapterA THE IMPORTANCE OF TIME IN QUALITY IMPROVEMENT We discuss two aspect of time: the time it takes to business goals as a result of quality and the at which companies improve. Real-life experience shows that time is a key variable in improving quality. Amajor study of best quality-related practices undertaken by Ernst and Young2 was critical of total quality management – ATQM ro rams for not rovidin bottom-line results. At the same time, the Ernst Vldeo Chp. P g P g Mission at the Ritz and Young study advocated the implementation of TQM. A comprehensive . 17† @E 1 Garvin, D. , Operations Strategy (Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, 1992)4 How to cite Strategic Quality Planning, Essay examples

Apush Brinkley free essay sample

The failure to ratify the Treaty of Versailles was mainly due to the lack of ability to compromise between Lodge and Wilson. . The idea of maintaining the stance that America would stay UN-involved n foreign affairs. 2. Treaties to replace the Treaty of Versailles and the League of d. The Washington Conference was an attempt to prevent a costly naval Nations armaments race between America, Britain, and Japan. Hughes proposed a plan for dramatic reductions in the fleets of all three nations and a ten years moratorium on the construction of large warships. This was mostly an attempt to create a kind of safety net for the U. S to keep from getting into war again. E. The Kellogg-Brand Pact was a diplomatic treaty outlawing war as an instrument of foreign policy- protect the peace f. These are connected to the retreat to isolationism because we were trying to create systems to keep us out of any foreign problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Apush Brinkley or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3. International Debt and Diplomacy g. Calvin Coolidge was opposed to offering aid to those in debt, the general attitude of our gob. Was they hired the money, didnt they? suggesting that they could pay it back. . One major problem of debt was the circular pattern the money was making: we gave Germany a loan, the lent it to France/England, France gave it back to us- resulting in no solution. The debt these nations acquired caused an imbalance of trade. I. Charles G. Dates, an American banker, negotiated an agreement between France, Britain, Germany, and America by stating (how plan worked) that American banks would provide huge loans to Germany (allowing them to meet their reparations. In return, Britain and France would agree to reduce the amount of those payments. However, Dates plan did little to solve the problem it addressed- (what it did) creating a growing economic presence in Germany, along with a growing circular pattern of international finance. It was an attempt to stabi lize J. High tariffs caused additional problems, the Forefend-Encumber Act Germany. As designed to protect American product by raising the tariff rate to 38%. This gave the president the power to raise the percentage on any product he felt necessary. This was passed in the beginning to protect the farmers, who were taking a post WI decline, this tariff hoped to use the surplus on a domestic level and eventually leak into international trade- this effected the European nations trying to pay back debts because they were unable to export goods and make a profit. 4. Failure of New Era Diplomacy, Hoover and the World Crisis k. Hovers attempts to help included placing a moratorium on war debt loans- meaning European nations did not have to make payments for six months. During this time Hoover hoped to stabilize the currency and stop the circular cycle. This idea caused Hoover to be given very little support in America- resulting the idea to die before he really had the chance to work with it. Disarmament- Hoover was trying to extend the ideas of the Washington Conference and the Kellogg-Brand Pact. L. Rise of Dictatorships: In the Soviet Union Joseph Stalin became dictator in 1929 and Bonito Mussolini came to the front of Italy in 1925, Doll Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, and later on dictator, and Hide Tool led Japan. Germany stopped reparation payments and occupied czar valley, Soviet Union was persuading expansion against borders, Japan was invading China and extending its power into China, Mussolini invades Africa. Anything we wanted to do in terms of peace and disarmament was in shambles. M. U. S. Foreign Policy crumbles: there was the choice to be interventionists: and try to influence things before they happened (economic, military, political) or move into Nationalism that we relied on our own devices for dealing with problems at hand. . Isolation, Isolationism and Nationalism n. World Economic Conference- London, 1933. Roosevelt went off the gold standard and said they were going to make payments, limit loans to end cycle, and the negotiations in 1933 fell apart because other nations were not willing to move away from backings of gold and silver. Roosevelt in 1934 foreboded American banks to make loans to foreign countries- hoping to end that circular systems- which it did. These were isola tionist ideas because we were going on our own standard. Roosevelt helped international trade by pushing through the reciprocal trade agreement act- empowered Roosevelt to lower tariff rates as much as 50% to get some currency flowing internationally and positively. Roosevelt also broke with past policies by recognizing the Soviet Union- hoping to establish strong trade, not very successful but an attempt to expand trade. However Roosevelt was too late and economic crisis deepened. America began turning to isolationism. O. They also forayed trading on the basis of loans. The concept of cash and carry came out of these acts- if companies were going to trade with belligerence in war, the only way that was okay was if it was paid for in cash. Q. Failure of appeasement, Munich: This marks the end of creating an international policy. Hitler went through a series of marches with no opposition. Appeasement is the idea of giving someone what they wants to get them to shut up, even though it isnt good for them. The Munich Conference Hitler lies and promises that the expansion was over. Hitters book, Mien Kampala explained he was going to continue expanding. R. Isolation as a tort to appeasement: Our tailored to become part to the international community in 1920 created problems throughout the world because there was no enforcement. The U. S. Didnt get involved because we were involved one time and were rejected (14 points) 6. From Neutrality to Intervention s. Western Europe Falls, Great Britain alone:

Virtual Reality Technology And Society Essays - Virtual Reality

Virtual Reality Technology and Society A Report on VIRTUAL REALITY TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY Prepared for Social Issues in Technology DeVry, Phoenix by Joe Rykowski Kip Yeackley July 24, 1994 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iii INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 WHAT IS VIRTUAL REALITY? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Definitions and Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Inspiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 THE TECHNOLOGY BEHIND VIRTUAL REALITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Video Display Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Audio Output Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Tactile Response Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Interactive Input Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Computers and Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 THE HISTORY OF VIRTUAL REALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Virtual Reality in the Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Virtual Reality in the Present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Virtual Reality in the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 THE SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF VIRTUAL REALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 New Rules of Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Adverse Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ABSTRACT This paper addresses entertainment's use of technology, specifically the medium of virtual reality. The focus is to define virtual reality, examine it's components, survey the field, and consider it's impact upon society. Among the definitions included are those from the artist Myron Krueger, the scholar Howard Rheingold, and the novelist William Gibson. The technological components used in virtual reality systems include the following: video display, audio input, tactile response, interactive input, and the computer hardware and software. Although a complete compilation of all the devices involved in this arena are beyond the scope of the paper, a discussion of the general areas of equipment, along with several examples of items and companies involved in the field will be given. Our survey of the virtual reality field will encompass views of past, present and future forms of

why america fought the civil w essays

why america fought the civil w essays Many call it the War Between the States, and while it is known more commonly as the Civil War, there was nothing civil about it. It tore a nation apart, and forever changed the course of the United States. It wrecked countless homes, and only slightly fewer lives were lost in this war than in World War I and II, the Korean Conflict, and Vietnam combined (Leidner). This war devastated the South, and forever changed it. While the popularly held belief is that this war was fought over slavery, many who joined the ranks of the Union or the Confederacy would have disagreed with this statement (Leidner). However, in his book, Sydney Ahlstrome voices the opinion of many when he says Had there been no slavery, there would have been no war (649). Today we see slavery as a moral issue, one that is socially unacceptable in our culture. But in the early nineteenth century, slavery was an economic issue first, then a moral issue. The Southern political leaders recognized that without slavery the Souths economy, which was based on agriculture, would collapse. They knew that there was no way that the big plantation owners could survive if they were forced to pay slaves the same wages they paid the white laborers. Hence, any political action that threatened the institution of slavery captured the undivided attention of the Souths political leaders, many of whom were slave owners themselves (Leidner). The Northern leaders were much more divided on the issue of slavery. While some wanted it abolished, some were indifferent, and a few supported it. The Civil War was not a quickly developed war, but rather there were many differences between the North and South that smoldered for many years before erupting into a conflict. One was found in the economy. The North, having the majority of the factories in the U.S., supported a higher tariff that would encourage Americans to buy its products as o...

Week 5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Week 5 - Assignment Example Next, evaluate which changes will lead to direct improvement and which among those changes could be chosen for implementation. Once this is established the cycle that will henceforth surround the improvement procedure will be; act, do, plan, and study. These steps define the earlier identified baselines. Team formation requires inclusion of the people vital to realize the improvement though they may vary in size or composition built for specific needs. Setting aims must be time specific and relevant to the desired improvement which in this case is my semester projects. The measures established will be quantitative determining defining whether a certain change will lead to improvement. Change selection is born from the insights of creative thinking of the involved persons in the project. One can also borrow from experience of those who have succeeded prior to this. These changes will be tested by the cycle identified to study their viability using the four steps; act, do, plan and study cycle. From here, I will be in a position to learn from each test whilst refining the changes as the team assists in broader scale implementation. Once is successfully implement all this in my semester project, I will be in a better position to polish all the entities that define success to the

Birthday Project Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Birthday Project Assignment - Essay Example So my natural curiosity to research the historical importance of my year of the birth had become vital part of knowledge that would reveal how the year has significantly contributed towards making history. The research has divulged a plethora of information that has significantly shaped the future. The year started with it being declared as the World Communication Year (UN). The United Nations realized the importance of communication for socio economic development of under developed and developing countries. 1983 was proposed as World Communication Year for developing effective communication infrastructure across the globe. The computer giant, IBM also introduced PCDOS operating system for home computers and Microsoft had launched the MSWORD, the user friendly word processing software(IBM; Microsoft). Apple Computers also introduced new home computer, LISA with graphic interface (Apple Lisa). But the most important event of the year was the launch of first 1G network in Chicago, US with the first hand held mobile handset, Motorola DynaTac (bbc, 2003). The leap into the new communication system became the highlight of 1983. The cellular phone was accessible to the common man. This year will also go down in history for many of the Congress decisions for its serious commitment to eliminate racial discrimination. It was a year when the President Ronald Reagan signed a bill for declaring a public holiday to commemorate the memory of Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Junior is one of the greatest leaders of twentieth century who was able to make significant contribution to the civil rights of the African Americans. Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi of India, his belief in the value system and intrinsic faith in non violence became his biggest strength. He took up the cudgel to fight for the equal rights for all human being and became an

Autonomhy in healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Autonomhy in healthcare - Essay Example Donchin criticized Engelhardt approach to autonomy and noted that the power and authority of physicians to act as gatekeepers selecting candidates for non-therapeutic elective procedures raised the different set of issues about limiting patient autonomy. Tauber notes that patients lose their ability to make free choices because they are never fully informed. In his perception, by employing the term of adequate understanding, the patients themselves recognize the limits of their freedom and are more concerned with the process of healing and autonomy is rather the aspiration of the curing process. Verkerk and Keller analyzed patient autonomy in the context of care perspective or feministic approach. The patient care is focused on becoming more active and committed caregivers instead of adopting the non-interference attitude and respect of patient autonomy. The ideal of autonomy in terms of independence and self-sufficiency is criticized, while the idea of interdependence is emphasized. Dworkin, on the contrary, has covered the issue of autonomy from different perspectives starting with the Kantian concept of self-governance and ending with the feministic approach to autonomy. Even though Dworkin does not use the word autonomy in his works, while discussing the idea of treating people equally he is arguing for the equal respect for the autonomy of people. For example, according to his liberal theory of equality, the political decisions should be free of any conception of the good life because the conceptions of people are different and the government will be unable to treat citizens as equals if one conception is prefer to other. Thus, autonomy is an equivalent of liberty, self-rule, integrity, individuality, and self-knowledge (6). Dworkin argues that autonomy is not the same concept as liberty. For example, if the doctor

Corporate Governance Disclosures in Emerging Capital Markets

Corporate Governance Disclosures in Emerging Capital Markets THE CASE OF GHANA CHAPTER 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION Corporate governance has dominated the policy agenda in developed market economies since the mid 1990s. The spate of corporate failures and massive government bailouts that have characterised the current global recession has led to an upsurge in the call for tighter regulation of capital markets and more stringent corporate governance. What has become clear from the current global capital markets meltdown is that, as capital markets develop, so too does the complexity of transactions and organisational structures, and the span of inter-dependencies among the various players in the market which extend beyond the boundaries of nations and continents. It is imperative for the stability of the global economy that there is adequate and effective regulation of the various capital markets and that the managers of major companies be held accountable for complying with these regulations and adhering to the principles of good corporate governance. In order for corporate manager to be held accountable for their compliance with regulations and good governance, they must make relevant disclosures in their companies annual reports. Corporate Governance and Emerging Capital Markets The recent international financial scandals have generated increased interest in corporate governance as a means of mitigating financial problems in developing economies (Tsamenyi et al. 2007, Reed 2002, Ahunwan 2002). These problems include weak and illiquid stock markets, economic uncertainties, weak legal controls and investor protection, and frequent government intervention. Developing economies also suffer from poor corporate performance and high concentration of company ownership (Tsamenyi et al. 2007, Ahunwan 2002). They usually suffer from state ownership of companies, weak legal and judiciary systems, weak institutions, limited human resources capabilities, and closed/family companies (Mensah 2002, Young et al. 2008). Reed (2002) noted that, globalization, international trade, and international investment practices call for the development of corporate governance in developing nations. Corporate governance is mechanism for ensuring corporate management acts in the best interest of a companys stakeholders (John Senbet, 1998). If capital markets in developing economies such as Ghana are to become fully established and grow, effective corporate governance regulations need to be developed and implemented. Such regulatory structures should not only be adequate to protect the interests of shareholders but also to assist in boosting the confidence of prospective investors and other stakeholders in corporate activities (Cadbury, 1992). Emerging Capital Markets (ECMs) are an integral part of the global capital market. According to the International Finance Corporation (IFC, 1996), EMCs can be viewed as any market in a developing economy that has the potential for development (IFC, 1996). Such markets compete for investment funds with well developed capital markets and therefore need to put in place appropriate measures to attract business activities. The adoption of effective corporate governance is one such measure. Gompers et al. (2003) assert that, good corporate governance increases company valuations and boosts the bottom line. Along similar lines, Claessens et al. (2002) maintain that sound corporate governance frameworks benefit companies through increased access to financing, lower cost of capital, better performance and more favourable treatment of all stakeholders. Corporate transparency and full-disclosure of information are core attributes of the corporate governance mechanism (OECD, 1999) and are regarded as an extremely important factor in the quality of corporate governance. Further, Beeks and Brown (2006)contend that firms with more effective corporate governance make more informative disclosures. Although corporate governance systems differ across countries, with the development of Codes of Best Practice around the world, there is gradual convergence of corporate governance practices toward global standards (Hopt 1997). Ghana is an example of an emerging economy which is increasingly embracing the concept of good corporate governance and requiring companies to report on their corporate governance practices. Attempts being made in Ghana to promote effective corporate governance include the formation of the Institute of Directors in 2001 and the development of National Accounting Standards. Additionally, the Ghana Securities and Exchange Commission (GSEC) has developed a Corporate Governance Code of Best Practice against which companies can benchmark their practices. Other regulatory requirements which govern corporate conduct include provisions in the Companies Code 1963 (Act 179), the Securities Industry Law 1993 (PNDCL 333) and the Membership and Listing Regulations of the Ghana Stock Exchange. Notwithstanding all of the above measures which are designed to secure good corporate governance by public listed companies in Ghana, the general level of compliance with the requirements is, and has always been, low. A study by Tsamenyi et al. (2007), which investigated corporate governance disclosures by applying a disclosure index to the 2006 annual reports of 22 listed companies in Ghana, found that the extent and quality of corporate governance disclosures were minimal. Many studies have been examined on corporate governance disclosures based on the examination of the content and scope of annual reports information by establishing corporate disclosure indexes (see Meek et al. 1995, Coy and Dixon, 2003). This study is concerned with the information disclosed mostly in the annual reports. Information in the annual report consists of qualitative and quantitative data. The quantitative data is both financial and non-financial. Moreover, many annual reports contain illustrations, diagrams and graphical presentations. 1.2 RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES Following from the above discussion, the overall aim of this study is to make recommendations designed to improve the extent and quality of corporate governance disclosures by public listed companies in Ghana. In order to achieve this aim the research has the following objectives: to determine the current corporate governance disclosure requirements of listed companies in Ghana; to compare Ghanaian disclosure requirements with those applying to UK listed companies; to examine the corporate governance disclosures made by a Ghanaian listed companies in their 2008 annual reports; to identify the differences (if any) in the corporate governance disclosures made by the listed companies in Ghana studied and the corporate governance disclosure requirements; to ascertain the reasons for the failure by listed companies in Ghana to fully comply with the corporate governance disclosure requirements; to make recommendations on how the quantity and quality of corporate governance disclosures by listed companies in Ghana might be improved. 1.3 METHODOLOGY In order to achieve the research objectives the following methods have been used. Literature review: Relevant articles in academic and professional journals have been reviewed in order to establish the extent to which corporate governance disclosure requirements exist and are adhered to in various ECMs. Keywords such as corporate governance, disclosures, ECMs, and Ghana input into databases such as Emerald, JSTOR, SSRN, and Google to search for relevant articles. Document study:Statutory and regulatory documents have been examined to ascertain the existing corporate governance disclosure requirements in Ghana. In addition, the annual reports of a sample of 25 listed companies in Ghana for the year 2008 have been studied to determine the extent and quality of their corporate governance disclosures. Disclosure Index:A corporate governance disclosure index has been and applied to the 2008 annual reports of 25 listed companies in Ghana. The index is has been constructed to include the key corporate governance requirements that apply to listed companies in Ghana. Semi-structured interviews: Six semi-structured interviews were conducted in order to ascertain the reasons for differences in the corporate governance disclosures made by, and required of, listed companies in Ghana. The interviewees were two finance executives of listed companies, two senior audit partners from the Big Four auditing firms and one representative from each of the Ghana Stock Exchange and the GSEC. 1.4 IMPORTANCE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Prior studies such as those of Tsamenyi, et al 2007 and ROSC 2005, which have examined aspects of corporate governance in ECMs and, in particular, Ghana have revealed that corporate governance as a policy and regulatory issue is gaining ground but the level of corporate governance disclosure is low. This study, by establishing the current extent (and quality) of corporate governance disclosures in Ghana, identifying deviations from the corporate governance disclosure requirements, and making recommendations on how corporate governance disclosure practices may be improved, will help to bring about improvements in the corporate governance disclosures by listed companies in Ghana However, the study has a number of limitations. These include the following: The study has focused only on a limited sample of 25 out of the 36 listed companies on the GSE. As a consequence the result may not be representative of all listed companies (or indeed, other companies) in Ghana. The study will be based on one years corporate governance disclosures and these may not be representative of corporate governance disclosures made in other years. Research which incorporates a longitudinal study may be necessary to demonstrate the development of corporate governance disclosures in Ghana. The semi-structured interviews were conducted with a small sample of interviewees and the opinions expressed may be influenced by their personal ideologies and the extent of their experience with listed companies in Ghana. 1.5 ORGANISATION OF THIS RESEARCH REPORT This research report has six (6) chapters as follows, Chapter 1: Introduction: In this chapter the background to the study is explained, and its aims and objectives are specified. The research methods used for the study are outlined and consideration is also given to the contributions and limitations of the research project. Chapter 2: corporate governance requirements in Ghana: This chapter provides background information on the corporate environment in Ghana and sets out the corporate governance requirements. Chapter 3: Literature review: This chapter provides a definition of corporate governance and examines the importance of, and the principles underpinning, corporate governance. It also reviews prior research which has examined corporate governance disclosures and more particularly, those which have investigated corporate governance disclosure in ECMs. Chapter 4: Methodology.This chapter explain the development and application of the of disclosure index used to examine the quantity and quality of corporate governance disclosures in the 2008 annual reports of a sample of listed companies in Ghana. It also describes the methodology adopted for the semi-structured interviews conducted with six interviewees from selected institutions in Ghana. In addition it explains the means by which the data have been analysed and reported. Chapter 5: Research findings. The results of the analysis of selected companies annual reports and the semi-structured interviews are reported and examined in the light of the exact literature. Chapter 6: Conclusions and Recommendations.This chapter provides a brief summary of the research project and its findings. Conclusions are drawn from the research findings and recommendations made on ways in which corporate governance disclosures by listed companies in Ghana might be improved. CHAPTER 2 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE REQUIREMENTS IN GHANA 2.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter provides background information on Ghana, its political and economic environment and its corporate profile. It also explains the legal and regulatory framework and the corporate governance requirements which apply to listed companies in Ghana. 2.2 COUNTRY PROFILE Ghana is a Sub-Saharan African country with a total land area of about 238,538 square kilometres/92,100 square miles and a population in 2007, of 23.5 million (Bureau of African Affairs, 2008). Ghanas population is concentrated along the coast in the principal cities (Bureau of African Affairs, 2008). Ethnically, Ghana is divided into smaller groups, each of which has a different language or dialect, however, the official language is English, which is a legacy of British colonial rule (Sarpong, 1999). 2.3 POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT IN GHANA For more than century, Ghana was under British colonial rule. She attained independence on 6th March 1957 and became a republic in July 1960. After independence, Ghana alternated between civilian and military rule. After a series of coup detats (Sarpong, 1999), in January 1993, the country returned to democratic rule under the National Democratic Congress (NDC). After 8 years (in 2001) power switched to the New Patriotic Party (NPP) but in January 2009, following the election, the NPP handed over power to the NDC. The economy of Ghana is dominated by agriculture, mining and forestry agriculture. Agriculture accounts for about 37.5% of GDP (GOG, 2008), and the largest foreign exchange earners for the country are cocoa, gold and coffee (BBC, 2009). In 2007, the countrys GDP was $15.2 billion. As at the first quarter of March 2009, the inflation rate of Ghana was 20.53 % (GOG, 2009). Ghana is a member of United Nations (UN), the British commonwealth, African Union (AU), International Monetary Fund, African Development Bank (ADB), the World Bank Group and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). 2.4 GHANA STOCK EXCHANGE AND LISTED COMPANIES OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE The Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE) was incorporated in July 1989. It was recognised as an authorized Stock Exchange under the Stock Exchange Act of 1971 (Act 384) in October 1990, and trading on the floor of the Exchange commenced in November the same year. In April 1994, it became a public company limited by guarantee (GSE 2009). The exchange is regulated by the GSE Membership Regulations L.I. 1510, Listing Regulations L.I 1509 and Trading and Settlement Regulations, and is organized as a body corporate under the supervision of the Securities Exchange Commission that falls under the Ministry of Finance. The Exchange is governed by a council which includes representation from licensed dealing members, listed companies, banks, insurance companies, and the general public. The functions of the Council include preventing fraud and malpractice, maintaining good order among members, regulating stock market business and granting listings. The GSE currently has 36 listed companies with a market capitalization as at 31 March 2009, of GH18,041.20m, equivalent to US$13,073.33m (GSE 2009). The manufacturing and banking sectors currently dominate the Exchange, while other listed companies fall into the insurance, mining, transport, food, publication, pharmaceuticals and petroleum sectors. Most of the listed companies on the GSE are Ghanaian (three being listed family-controlled companies) but there are five multinationals. Until 2006, individual foreign investors, who were first allowed to participate on the Exchange in 1993, were not permitted, without approval, to hold more than 10% of a listed companys shares and the total foreign investments in any company could not exceed 74% of the companys shares. These limits were removed by the Foreign Exchange Act of 2006 (Act 723) and non-resident investors can now invest in the market without limit or prior exchange control approval. Dividend income is taxed at 8%, while Capital gains on listed securities are exempt from tax until November 2010 (GES 2009). 2.5 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE REQUIREMENTS IN GHANA Over the recent years, notions of corporate governance has been gaining roots in Ghana in response to initiatives by some stakeholders such as the Ghana Institute of Directors (IoD-Ghana), Private Enterprise Foundation (PEF), State Enterprises Commission, the Institute of Economic Affairs, and the Ghana Centre for Democratic Development (Ocran 2001; Mensah et. al 2002). The IoD-Ghana strives to improve corporate governance practices and strengthen companies boards of directors. It has, for example, hosted international and national conferences, run competitions to increase awareness of corporate governance issues and developed manuals and procedures to help implement good corporate governance practices (Mensah et. al 2002). Notwithstanding the above developments, formal corporate governance structures and institutions are not widespread although a number of laws provide for governance structures for companies in Ghana. These laws include: The Ghana Companies Code 1963 (Act 179), The Securities Industry Law, 1993 (PNDCL 333) as amended by the Securities Industry (Amendment) Act 2000, (Act 590), and the Listing Regulations of the Ghana Stock Exchange, 1990 (L.I. 1509) (K-Coleman and Biekpe 2008) 2.5 .1 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS The Companies Code 1963 (Act 179), which is based substantially on the UKs Companies Act 1948, provides for governance mechanisms of all companies incorporated in Ghana (NEPAD 2005). It provides governance of ministration such as requirements to have directors, appointment and removal of directors, remuneration of directors, directors reports, and audited financial statements. It also provides for various mechanisms for shareholders to enforce their rights, such as rights to annual general meeting, equal treatments of shareholders. The Securities Industry Law 1993 (PNDCL 333), as amended by the Securities Industry (Amendment) Act 2000 (Act 590) and Exchange Commission Regulations (2003), provides for, among other things, the governance mechanism of all stock exchanges, investment advisors, securities dealers, issues concerning accounts and audits and collective investment schemes licensed under the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC 2003). The Securities and Exchange Commission, overseeing the disclosure of material information to the investing public by companies, including securities listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange. Regulatory Frameworks for Boards of Directors The Companies Code describes directors as person who is appointed to direct and administer the business of the company, and stipulates that each company must appoint a minimum of two directors for a company. However, the Code allows companies to fix the maximum number of directors in their Regulations. Section 181 of the Companies Code provides that directors are to be appointed through the individual votes of shareholders at a general meeting of the company. However, this frequently means that the directors are approved by the controlling shareholders. There is no requirement under the Companies Code for the appointment of independent directors but this is required under the Securities and Exchange Commissions Code of Best Practices on Corporate Governance (SEC Code) for the GSE. In the exercise of their duties, the directors are required to act at all times in what they believe to be the best interests of the company as a whole so as to preserve its assets, further its business, promote the purposes for which it was formed, and to do so in such manner as a faithful, diligent, careful, and ordinarily skilled director would act in the circumstances. The Code makes provision for the appointment of executive directors by allowing directors to hold any other office or place of profit in the company, other than office of auditor. The directors remuneration is to be reasonably related to the value of services provided and is to and shall be determined from time to time by ordinary resolutions of the company The Companies Code enjoins directors to, at least once annually (at intervals of not more than 15 months), to prepare and send to each shareholder the directors report, which show the state of the companys affairs with any change during the financial year in the nature of the business of the company. The report is approved by the board of directors and signed on behave of the two directors. Regulatory Framework for Shareholder Rights The Companies Code 1963, the Securities Industry Law 1993 and the Regulations of the Ghana Stock Exchange provide the primary regulatory framework for the establishment and operations of companies that issue publicly traded securities. The Companies Code gives shareholders opportunities to participate and vote in general shareholder meetings or exercising rights through proxy for the appointment or removal of directors, access to timely and transparent company information concerning the date, location and agenda of general meetings and the right to petition against unfair prejudice. The Securities Industry Law and the GSE Listing Regulations ensure that the market for corporate control of listed companies functions in an efficient and transparent manner. It provides for example the organizing of shareholders meetings, proxy solicitation and voting by shareholders, disclosure of equity ownership, and allowable actions that shareholders may undertake against directors, including law suits, the removal of directors, and penalties for breaches of their fiduciary duty. Regulatory Framework for Accountability and Audit Under the Companies Code a companys, directors are responsible for keeping proper books of account and for the preparation of financial statements which provides a true and fair view of the company. Auditors are to be appointed by an ordinary resolution of shareholders, except that the directors may appoint the first auditor of the company and fill any casual vacancy in the office of an auditor. Auditors are expected to employ diligence, objectivity and independence in the discharge of their duties and functions. To ensure the auditors independence, the Code prohibits an officer of the company or any associated companies, partners of, or employees of an officer of the company from holding office as auditor. However, the Code permits auditors, in addition to their statutory duties to shareholders as auditors, to provide other services to the company such as, advising on accounting, costing taxation, rising of finance and other matters. This provides a ground for a conflict of interest which may impair the auditors independent. An auditor may be removed from office by an ordinary resolution of shareholders at an annual general meeting after 35 days notice and is allowed to speak to this at this meeting in response to his intended removal. No provisions exist under the Companies Code limiting the term of office of auditors. The GSE Listing Regulations recognize the need for audit sub-committee which should be composed of non-executive directors. The GSE Listing Regulations also prescribe the audit committees duties such as; making recommendations to the board concerning the appointment and remuneration of external auditors; reviewing the auditors evaluation of the system of internal control and accounting. The Companies Code, the Securities Industry Law and the GSE Listing Regulations requires all companies to provide shareholders with audited financial statements prepared in accordance with the Ghana National Accounting Standards issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants (Ghana) at close of their financial year to its shareholders. 2.5.2 LISTING REQUIREMENTS AND GOVERNANCE GUIDANCE BY CODE OF BEST PRACTICES In December 2003, the Ghana Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued corporate governance principles for listed companies entitledCode of Best Practices on Corporate Governance. This code is based on the OECD Principles of Corporate Governance (SEC 2003). Consistent with the United Kingdom, the code is not mandatory. While these provisions are not binding, the SEC encourages compliance with the Code and requires listed companies to include a statement in their annual report disclosing the extent of compliance with these guidelines. The Code set out principles for the equitable treatment of all shareholders, disclosure and transparency and responsibility of the board of directors. As require by best practice. There should be formal and transparent procedures for appointments to the board. Also there should be separation between the roles of CEO and Board Chairman responsibilities unless there are specific reasons militating against such separation. In the case where two offices are combined the Code required companies to explain to shareholders and the board must enact procedures that ensure the independence of the board as a whole and their respective responsibilities should be defined. There should be a balance of executive and nonexecutive directors with the complement of independent non-executive directors being at least a third of the total membership of the board and in any event, not less than two. 2.6 ANALYSIS OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE DISCLOSURES IN GHANA IN COMPARISON WITH THE UNITED KINGDOM The provisions of the code are set in Table 1. Further, so that the provisions applying in Ghana may be evaluated in the light of well established Code of Corporate Governance, the provisions of the UKs Combine Code of Governance (Financial Reporting Council, 2008) are also presented. B.2 ProceduresThere should be a formal and transparent procedure for developing policy on executive remuneration. Members of the committee should exclude themselves from deliberations concerning their own remuneration.There should be a formal and transparent procedure for developing policy on executive remuneration and for fixing the remuneration packages of individual directors. No director should be involved in deciding his or her own remunerationC.2 Internal ControlThe board is responsible for ensuring that appropriate systems of internal control are in place for monitoring risk, adherence to financial governance measures and compliance with the law.The board should maintain a sound system of internal control to safeguard shareholders investment and the companys assets GHANA UK A. Directors A.1 The Board Every company should be headed by an effective board, which is collectively responsible for the success of the company A.2 Chairman and Chief Executive There should ideally be a separation between the role of Board Chairman and CEO unless there are specific reasons which militate against such separation. There should be a separation between the roles of CEO and Board Chairman A.3 Board Balance and Independence The board should include a balance of executive and non-executive directors with the complement of independent non-executive directors being at least one third of the total membership of the board and in any event not less than two. The board should include a balance of executive and non-executive directors (and in particular independent non-executive directors) such that no individual or small group of individuals can dominate the boards decision taking A.4 Appointments of Board Appointments to the board should be formal and transparent selection process should be based on merit. There is no nomination committee There should be a formal, rigorous and transparent procedure for the appointment of new directors to the board. There should be a nomination committee which should lead the process for board appointments and make recommendations to the board A.5 Information and Personal Development The board should have unrestricted access to all company information, records and documents. All directors enjoy the right to retain outside professional experts for counsel The board should be supplied in a timely manner with information in a form and of a quality appropriate to enable it to discharge its duties. All directors should receive induction on joining the board and should regularly update and refresh their skills and knowledge A.6 Performance Evaluation The board should annual review their own performance and that of the various committees The board should undertake a formal and rigorous annual evaluation of its own performance and that of its committees and individual directors. A.7 Re- Election All directors should submit themselves for re-election at regular intervals and at least once in every three years of its committees and individual directors. A.7 Re- Election All directors should submit themselves for re-election at regular intervals and at least once in every three years All directors should be submitted for re-election at regular intervals, subject to continued satisfactory performance B. Directors Remuneration B.1 Directors Remuneration The levels of remuneration in corporate bodies should be competitive, should focus on retaining management and be linked to corporate and individual performance. Every corporate body should establish a remuneration committee. The remuneration committee should comprise of a majority of non-executive directors. Does not give number of directors Levels of remuneration should be sufficient to attract, retain and motivate directors of the quality required to run the company successfully, but a company should avoid paying more than is necessary for this purpose. A significant proportion of executive directors remuneration should be structured so as to link rewards to corporate and individual performance. The board should establish a remuneration committee of at least three independent non executive directors. C. Accountability and Audit C.1 Financial Reporting The board is responsible for ensuring that a balanced and understandable assessment is given of the financial and operating results of the corporate body in the financial statements. The board should present a balanced and understandable assessment of the companys position and prospects C.3 Audit Committee and Auditors The board should establish an audit committee. The audit committee should comprise at least three directors, the majority of whom should be non-executive The board should establish an audit committee of at least three independent non-executive directors D. Relationship with shareholders D.1 Dialogue with institutional shareholders There should be a dialogue with shareholders based on the mutual understanding of objectives. The board as a whole has res

Chronology of the Holocaust Essay -- Essays Papers

The holocaust was a bleak and unrecoverable part of the history of the twentieth century that will always be remembered. Millions died for no reason except for one man’s madness. Although many people know why this war happened many don’t know when and what events lead up to this: the way Hitler came into power, or when the first concentration camp was established, and what city it was in, why Jews were hated so much by Hitler, and why the rest of the country also hated them as well as, and what the chronology of the Holocaust. These are some of the things I will explain in my paper. In 1933 Hindenburg was the president of Germany. Having recovered form the First World War, Germany is on the rise once again. Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor of the Reich and he begins his propaganda techniques. One of the Nazi persecution techniques was the banning of all Jewish owned business, as well as, The opening of the first concentration camp, Dachau. No Jews were allowed to have jobs of state or country title, and one of the first book burning incidences occur on May 10th (Holocaust background info center). Also in 1933 Jews were deprived of there German citizenship and were considered refugees. By the end of 1933 the Nazi party had been established as the legal unity of the German State. With this established the Nazis were able to get away with basically what ever they wanted. All forms of persecution was thrown upon, not just the Jews, but many many other groups of people unlike those of the Nazi party. 1934 was a pretty uneventful year as far as numbers of important things. Only one really big thing happened in the history of the war that year, but it was an event to change all after it. On August 2 1934... ...ath. By 1944 Germany has occupied most of Europe and is killing the Jews in those Countries to. Many ghettos in Hungary and Vilna are destroyed with the people destroyed in them. On May 14 1944, almost 400,000 Jews are deported toAuschwitz to be killed. Luckily, many of these Jews were saved. Luckily for everybody, The war was finally over. Hopefully in these years to come there will not be another tragedy like this one. The genocide that occurred in World War II will hopefully never happen again. Hopefully, the war was explained well and thoroughly in this paper WORK CITED 1) Dawidowicz,Lucy S. The War Against the Jews,1993-1945 New York Bantam 1978 2) Unknown Author,The Holocaust in a Historical Perspective. Seattle University of Washington Press, 1978 3) Bauer Yehuda, A History of the Holocaust New York Franklin Watts, 1982